List of abbreviations
| AACAP | American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |
| ACB | anticholinergic cognitive burden |
| ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ACh | acetylcholine |
| AChE | acetylcholinesterase |
| ADAS-cog | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale |
| ADD | attention deficit disorder |
| ADH | alcohol dehydrogenase |
| ADHD | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| ADIS | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule |
| ADL | activities of daily living |
| ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
| ALT | alanine transaminase/ aminotransferase |
| ANNSERS | Antipsychotic Non-Neurological Side-Effects Rating Scale |
| APA | American Psychological Association |
| ARB | angiotensin II receptor blocker |
| ASD | autism spectrum disorders |
| ASEX | Arizona Sexual Experience scale |
| AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
| BAC | blood alcohol concentration |
| BAD | bipolar affective disorder |
| BAP | British Association for Psychopharmacology |
| bd | bis die (twice a day) |
| BDI | Beck Depression Inventory |
| BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
| BED | binge eating disorder |
| BEN | benign ethnic neutropenia |
| BMI | body mass index |
| BP | blood pressure |
| BPD | borderline personality disorder |
| BPSD | behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia |
| BuChE | butyrylcholinesterase |
| CAM | Confusion Assessment Method |
| CAMS | Childhood Anxiety Multimodal Study |
| CATIE | Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness |
| CBT | cognitive behavioural therapy |
| CBZ | carbamazepine |
| CDRS | Children's Depression Rating Scale |
| CES-D | Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale |
| CGAS | Children's Global Assessment Scale |
| CGI | Clinical Global Impression scales |
| CIBIC-Plus | Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change |
| CIGH | clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility |
| CIWA-Ar | Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol scale revised |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| COMT | catechol-O-methyltransferase |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| COWS | Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale |
| COX | cyclo-oxygenase |
| CPP | child-parent psychotherapy |
| CPSS | Child PTSD Symptom Scale |
| CrCl | creatinine clearance |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| CT | complementary therapy |
| CUtLASS | Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| CY-BOCS | Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale |
| CYP450 | cytochrome P450 |
| DAI | drug attitude inventory |
| DEXA | dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry |
| DHEA | dehydroepiandrosterone |
| DLB | dementia with Lewy bodies |
| DMDD | disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
| DVLA | Drivers and Vehicle Licensing Agency |
| EAD | early after depolarisation |
| ECG | electrocardiogram |
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy |
| EEG | electroencephalogram |
| eGFR | estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| EOSS | early-onset schizophrenia-spectrum |
| EPA | eicosapentanoic acid |
| EPS | extrapyramidal side-effects |
| ER | extended release |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| ES | effect size |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| FBC | full blood count |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration (USA) |
| FGA | first-generation antipsychotics |
| FPG | fasting plasma glucose |
| FTI | Fatal Toxicity Index |
| GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid |
| GASS | Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-effect Scale |
| GBL | gamma-butaryl-lactone |
| G-CSF | granulocyte-colony stimulating factor |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| GGT | gamma-glutamyl transferase |
| GHB | gamma-hydroxybutyrate |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GM-CSF | granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
| HADS | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale |
| HD | Huntington's disease |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| HIV | human immune deficiency virus |
| 5-HMT | 5-hydroxy-methyl-tolterodine |
| HPA | hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
| ICD | International Classification of Diseases |
| IG | intra-gastric |
| IJ | intra-jejunal |
| IM | intramuscular |
| IMHP | intramuscular high potency |
| INR | international normalised ratio |
| IR | immediate release |
| IV | intravenous |
| IVHP | intravenous high potency |
| Kiddie-SADS | Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia |
| LAI | long-acting injection |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| LFT | liver function tests |
| MADRS | Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale |
| mane | morning |
| MAOI | monoamine oxidase inhibitor |
| MARS | Medication Adherence Rating Scale |
| MASC | Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children |
| MCA | Mental Capacity Act |
| MCI | mild cognitive impairment |
| MDRD | Modification of Diet in Renal Disease |
| MDT | multidisciplinary team |
| MHRA | Medicines and Healthcare Product and Regulatory Authority |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MMSE | Mini Mental State Examination |
| MR | modified release |
| MS | mood stabilisers |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| NAS | neonatal abstinence syndrome |
| NICE | National Institute for Health and Clinical/Care Excellence |
| NMDA | N-methyl-D-aspartate |
| NMS | neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
| NNH | number needed to harm |
| NNT | number needed to treat |
| nocte | at night |
| NPI | neuropsychiatric inventory |
| NRT | nicotine replacement therapy |
| NSAID | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| NVC | neurovascular coupling |
| OCD | obsessive compulsive disorder |
| od | omni die (once a day) |
| OD | overdose |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| OOWS | Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale |
| PA | pathologic aggression |
| PANDAS | Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus |
| PANSS | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale |
| PBA | pseudobulbar affect |
| PDD | pervasive developmental disorders |
| PDD-NOS | pervasive developmental disorders-not otherwise specified |
| P-gp | P-glycoprotein |
| PHQ-9 | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 |
| PICU | psychiatric intensive care unit |
| PL | product licence |
| PLC | pathological laughter and crying |
| PMR | post-mortem redistribution |
| po | per os (by mouth) |
| POMH-UK | Prescribing Observatory for Mental Health |
| PPI | proton pump inhibitor |
| prn | pro re nata (as required) |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| PTSD | post-traumatic stress disorder |
| qds | quarter die sumendum (four times a day) |
| RCADS | Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale |
| RCT | randomised controlled trial |
| RID | relative infant dose |
| RLAI | risperidone long-acting injection |
| ROMI | Rating of Medication Influences scale |
| RPG | random plasma glucose |
| RRBI | restricted repetitive behaviours and interests |
| RT | rapid tranquillisation |
| RTA | road traffic accident |
| rTMS | repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| RUPP | Research Units on Paediatric Psychopharmacology |
| SADQ | Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire |
| SAWS | Short Alcohol Withdrawal Scale |
| SCARED | Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorders |
| SGA | second-generation antipsychotics |
| SIADH | syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone |
| SIB | severe impairment battery |
| SJW | St John's wort |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| SNRI | selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor |
| SOWS | Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale |
| SPC | summary of product characteristics |
| SPECT | single photon emission computed tomography |
| SROM | slow release oral morphine |
| SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| STS | selegiline transdermal system |
| TADS | Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study |
| TCA | tricyclic antidepressant |
| TDM | therapeutic drug monitoring |
| tds | ter die sumendum (three times a day) |
| TEAM | treatment of early age mania |
| TFT | thyroid function test |
| TIA | transient ischaemic attack |
| TMS | transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| TORDIA | Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescence |
| TPR | temperature, pulse, respiration |
| TS | Tourette's syndrome |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| U&E | urea and electrolytes |
| UGT | UDP-glucuronosyl transferase |
| VaD | vascular dementia |
| VCFS | velo-cardio-facial syndrome |
| VNS | vagal nerve stimulation |
| VTE | venous thromboembolism |
| WBC | white blood cell |
| WCC | white cell count |
| WHO | World Health Organisation |
| YMRS | Young Mania Rating Scale |